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The term gait describes the characteristics of body motion during walking or running. The study of bipedal gait in humans is called gait analysis and refers to the objective and systematic study of human locomotion, including both visual observation and measurement using instrumentation.
The disorders to be considered in this chapter are mostly inherited conditions of the musculoskeletal system. There are many hundreds of them, but only the major ones will be considered because the purpose of this chapter is to provide an approach to diagnosis and treatment rather than an encyclopedic account of every known inherited disorder of bone, cartilage, and fibrous tissue.
This chapter deals with the metabolic and endocrine disorders that affect the skeleton in childhood. It also considers the results of excess and deficiency of vitamins and the toxic effects of metals on bone. These disorders deal with inherited conditions, such as osteopetrosis, that result from abnormal bone cell biology; with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, in which endocrine disturbances may also...
In order to produce disease, parasites must be able to invade host tissues, multiply and spread, and produce toxic substances. The ability to produce disease is known as pathogenicity, and the comparative pathogenicity of different organisms is expressed as virulence. Very small numbers of virulent organisms are able to produce disease, whereas larger numbers of less virulent organisms are required...
Tuberculous bacilli have lived in symbiosis with mankind since time immemorial. At present there are nearly 30 million people suffering from tuberculosis worldwide, and of these 1–3% have involvement of the skeletal system. Tuberculosis will exist for as long as there are pockets of malnutrition, poor sanitation, and overcrowding.
In this chapter, an epidemiological and clinical survey of children’s orthopaedics and trauma, as these relate to countries in the tropics, is presented. While there is a similarity with the majority of diseases encountered in the developed countries, there are certain defining characteristics in the incidence, the pattern, the severity or otherwise, and in the clinical presentation of many of these...
The term juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) describes a heterogeneous group of several disease subtypes characterized by arthritis beginning before the age of 16 years and where symptoms persist for more than 6 weeks. All subtypes of JIA are of unknown cause. Although the pathogenesis for each subtype is likely to be different, JIA is generally regarded to be an autoimmune disease with the possible...
Bone tumors and tumor-like conditions are uncommon in childhood and adolescence. They are difficult to manage because of their variable nature and accurate diagnosis cannot always be based on imaging appearance alone. However, a specific combination of clinical, biological, and radiological signs may suggest and sometimes confirm whether they will behave in an aggressive, latent, or indeterminate...
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